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80/20 Rule: The 80/20 Rule, also known as the Pareto Principle, states that roughly 80% of effects come from 20% of causes, emphasizing the disproportionate impact a small number of factors can have on outcomes.

A

Accrual Accounting:: An accounting method where revenue and expenses are recorded when they are earned or incurred, regardless of when the cash is actually received or paid.

Amortization: The process of spreading out a loan into a series of fixed payments over time.

Annual Percentage Rate (APR): The annual rate charged for borrowing or earned through an investment, which includes fees or additional costs associated with the transaction.

Arbitrage: The simultaneous purchase and sale of an asset to profit from an imbalance in the price.

Asset Allocation: The process of dividing an investment portfolio among different asset categories.

Assets: Resources owned by an individual or company that have economic value.

Ask Price: The lowest price a seller is willing to accept for a security.

Audit: A systematic examination and evaluation of financial statements and records.

Appreciation: An increase in the value of an asset over time.

Authorized Shares: The maximum number of shares that a corporation is legally allowed to issue.

Asset Management: The direction of a client's wealth by a financial services company, usually an investment bank.

Asset Turnover: A measure of how efficiently a company's assets generate revenue.

Automatic Investment Plan (AIP): A program that allows investors to contribute regularly to an investment account.

Average Cost: The total cost of goods purchased divided by the total number of units purchased.

Acquisition: When one company purchases most or all of another company's shares to gain control of that company.

Aggregate Demand: The total demand for goods and services within a particular market.

Annual Report: A comprehensive report on a company's activities throughout the preceding year.

Artificial Intelligence (AI): The simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems, involving learning, reasoning, and self-correction.

AI Companion : Artificial intelligence-powered assistant designed to engage in meaningful conversations, provide information, and offer support, tailored to meet users' needs and interests.

Algorithmic Trading : Algorithmic trading is the use of computer programs and algorithms to execute trades at high speeds and with minimal human intervention, based on predefined criteria.

Asset Class: An asset class is a group of financial instruments with similar characteristics and behavior in the market, such as stocks, bonds, or real estate.

Account Balance: An account balance is the amount of money available in a financial account at a given point in time.

Account Equity: Account equity is the total value of an investment account, calculated by summing the account balance and the market value of any securities held, minus any liabilities.

Actuarial: Relates to the statistical and mathematical methods used to assess risk and uncertainty in the insurance and finance industries.

Automation: Automation is the use of technology to perform tasks without human intervention, increasing efficiency and reducing errors.

B

Balance Sheet: A financial statement that summarizes a company's assets, liabilities, and shareholders' equity at a specific point in time.

Bankruptcy: A legal proceeding involving a person or business that is unable to repay outstanding debts.

Bear Market: A market condition where prices are falling or are expected to fall.

Bid Price: The highest price a buyer is willing to pay for a security.

Blue Chip Stock: Shares of a well-established and financially sound company with a history of reliable performance.

Bond: A fixed income instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower.

Broker: An individual or firm that arranges transactions between a buyer and a seller for a commission.

Budget: An estimate of income and expenditure for a set period.

Bull Market: A market condition where prices are rising or are expected to rise.

Beta Coefficient: A measure of the volatility of a security or a portfolio in comparison to the market as a whole.

Bottom Line: The net income or profit a company generates during a specific period.

Break-Even Point (BE): The level of sales at which total revenues equal total expenses.

Brokerage Account: An arrangement between an investor and a licensed brokerage firm allowing the investor to deposit funds and place investment orders.

Balance of Payments: A statement that summarizes an economy's transactions with the rest of the world for a specific time period.

Back Office: The administrative and support functions of a business that are not client-facing, including operations, IT, and human resources.

Branding : Branding is the process of creating a unique identity and image for a product, service, or company in the minds of consumers through consistent messaging, design, and experiences.

Black-Scholes Model : The Black-Scholes model is a mathematical model for pricing options that helps determine the theoretical value of derivatives based on factors like volatility, time until expiration, and the underlying asset's price.

Blockchain : Blockchain is a decentralized digital ledger technology that records transactions across multiple computers in a way that ensures security, transparency, and immutability.

B2B: B2B, or Business-to-Business, refers to transactions and relationships between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler.

B2C: B2C, or Business-to-Consumer, refers to transactions and interactions between businesses and individual consumers, such as retail sales.

Brexit: Brexit refers to the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, which was completed on January 31, 2020, following a 2016 referendum.

Bitcoin Mining: Bitcoin mining is the process of validating and recording transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain by solving complex mathematical problems, for which miners are rewarded with newly created bitcoins.

Business Ethics: Business ethics is the study and application of moral principles and standards in the business environment, guiding behavior and decision-making.

Binary Language: Binary language is a system of representing information using only two states, typically 0 and 1, forming the basis of computer processing and data storage.

Bloomberg: A global financial news and data company providing real-time market data, analysis, and information.

C

Capital Gain: The profit from the sale of an asset such as stocks, bonds, or real estate.

Capital Loss: The loss incurred when a capital asset decreases in value.

Cash Flow: The total amount of money being transferred into and out of a business.

Certificate of Deposit (CD): A savings certificate with a fixed maturity date and specified fixed interest rate.

Compound Interest: Interest calculated on the initial principal, which also includes all of the accumulated interest from previous periods.

Corporate Bond: A debt security issued by a corporation and sold to investors.

Coupon Rate: The yield paid by a fixed-income security; a fixed interest payment made by a bond issuer to the bondholder.

Credit Rating: An assessment of the creditworthiness of a borrower in general terms or with respect to a particular debt or financial obligation.

Capitalization Rate: A rate that helps in evaluating a real estate investment.

Cash Equivalents: Short-term, highly liquid investments that are easily convertible to known amounts of cash.

Capital Structure: The mixture of debt and equity that a company uses to finance its operations.

Clearinghouse: An intermediary between buyers and sellers of financial instruments.

Commission: A service charge assessed by a broker or investment advisor.

Commodities Exchange: An organized market for the trading of commodities.

Consolidated Financial Statement: Financial statements that show the combined financial position and results of operations of a parent company and its subsidiaries.

Call Option: A financial contract that gives the holder the right to buy an asset at a specified price within a specified period.

Contract for Difference (CFD): A financial derivative allowing traders to speculate on price movements of an asset without owning the underlying asset.Candlestick Chart: A type of financial chart used to describe price movements of a security, derivative, or currency.

Candlestick Pattern: A candlestick pattern is a type of financial chart used to describe the price movements of an asset, showing the opening, closing, high, and low prices within a specific period.

Consistency : Consistency refers to the quality or condition of being steady, uniform, and reliable in behavior, performance, or results over time.

Coupon : In finance, a coupon is the annual interest payment made by a bond issuer to bondholders, typically expressed as a percentage of the bond's face value.

Colocation : In finance, colocation refers to the practice of placing trading servers in close physical proximity to an exchange's servers to minimize latency and gain a speed advantage in executing trades.

CAC40 Index : The CAC 40 is a benchmark French stock market index that represents the 40 largest and most actively traded companies listed on the Euronext Paris.

Cryptocurrency : Cryptocurrency is a digital or virtual currency that uses cryptography for security and operates independently of a central bank, often based on blockchain technology.

Capitalism: Capitalism is an economic system in which private individuals or businesses own and control production and operate for profit, with minimal government intervention.

Collateral: Collateral is an asset that a borrower offers to a lender as security for a loan, which can be seized if the borrower defaults on the repayment.

CEO: The CEO, or Chief Executive Officer, is the highest-ranking executive in a company, responsible for making major corporate decisions and managing overall operations.

Compliance: Compliance refers to adhering to laws, regulations, guidelines, and specifications relevant to business operations, ensuring lawful and ethical conduct.

Computer Science: Computer science is the study of computers and computational systems, encompassing theory, algorithms, data structures, and the design and implementation of software and hardware.

Correlation: Correlation is a statistical measure that indicates the extent to which two or more variables move in relation to each other.

Cost Average: Cost averaging is an investment strategy that involves regularly investing a fixed amount of money into a particular asset, reducing the impact of volatility over time.

D

Day Trading: The buying and selling of securities within the same trading day.

Debt-to-Equity Ratio: A measure of a company's financial leverage, calculated by dividing its total liabilities by stockholders' equity.

Default: Failure to fulfill a financial obligation, such as not making the required payments on a loan.

Depreciation: A reduction in the value of an asset over time, especially due to wear and tear.

Dividend: A distribution of a portion of a company's earnings to its shareholders.

Diversification: A risk management strategy that mixes a wide variety of investments within a portfolio.

Dow Jones Industrial (DJI): A stock market index that indicates the value of 30 large, publicly-owned companies based in the United States.

Derivative: A financial security with a value that is reliant upon or derived from, an underlying asset or group of assets.

Diluted Earnings Per Share: The earnings per share if all convertible securities were exercised.

Discount Rate: The interest rate charged to commercial banks and other depository institutions on loans they receive from the Federal Reserve's discount window.

Dividend Yield: A financial ratio that shows how much a company pays out in dividends each year relative to its share price.

Depth of Market (DOM): A measure of the number of open buy and sell orders for a particular asset or security at different prices.

Direct Market Access (DMA): A system that allows investors to trade directly with the order book of an exchange.

Demand : In economics, demand refers to the quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at various price levels during a given time period.

Dropshipping : Dropshipping is a retail fulfillment method where a store doesn't keep the products it sells in stock, instead, it purchases items from a third-party supplier who ships them directly to the customer.

Digital Marketing : Digital marketing is the practice of promoting products or services using digital channels and technologies, such as social media, search engines, email, and websites, to reach and engage customers.

DAX : The DAX, also known as the Deutscher Aktienindex, is a stock market index that represents 40 major German companies trading on the Frankfurt Stock Exchange.

E

Equity: The value of an ownership interest in property, including shareholders' equity in a business.

Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF): An investment fund traded on stock exchanges, much like stocks.

Expense Ratio: The annual fee that all funds or exchange-traded funds charge their shareholders.

EBITDA: Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization.

Exchange Rate: The value of one currency for the purpose of conversion to another.

Economic Indicator: A piece of economic data, typically of macroeconomic scale, that is used by analysts to interpret current or future investment possibilities.

Emerging Market: A market in a country that is developing its economic infrastructure.

Equity Financing: The method of raising capital by selling company stock to investors.

Expert advisor (EA) : An Expert Advisor is a software program used in financial trading that provides analysis and automated trading capabilities based on pre-set rules and algorithms.

Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM): A system introduced by the European Economic Community in March 1979, as part of the European Monetary System (EMS), to reduce exchange rate variability and achieve monetary stability in Europe.

ECN (Electronic Communication Network): A computerized system that matches buy and sell orders for securities in the financial markets.

European Central Bank (ECB) : It is the central bank responsible for managing the euro, overseeing monetary policy, and ensuring price stability within the Eurozone.

Edge: An edge in trading is a competitive advantage that allows a trader to achieve better-than-average returns, often through superior information, techniques, or strategies.

Emotional Intelligence: Emotional intelligence is the ability to recognize, understand, manage, and influence one's own emotions and the emotions of others.

Economic Calendar: An economic calendar is a schedule of significant economic events, reports, and data releases that can impact financial markets.

Economic Growth: Economic growth is the increase in a country's output of goods and services, measured by changes in GDP over time.

F

Face Value: The nominal value of a bond, share, or other security as stated by the issuer.

Fiduciary: An individual or organization legally responsible for managing someone else's money.Fiscal Policy: Government policies regarding taxation, government spending, and borrowing.

Fixed Income: Investments that provide returns in the form of regular, fixed payments.

Foreclosure: The legal process by which a lender takes control of a property after the borrower fails to make mortgage payments.

Fair Market Value: The price that an asset would sell for on the open market.

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC): A U.S. government corporation providing deposit insurance to depositors in U.S. commercial banks and savings institutions.

Fixed Cost: A cost that does not change with an increase or decrease in the amount of goods or services produced.

Fundamentals: The qualitative and quantitative information that contributes to the economic well-being and the subsequent financial valuation of a company, security, or currency.

Fundamental Analysis : Method of evaluating the intrinsic value of a security by examining related economic, financial, and other qualitative and quantitative factors.

Fiduciary Duty: A legal obligation of one party to act in the best interest of another.

Futures Contract: An agreement to buy or sell an asset at a future date at an agreed-upon price.

FIFO (First In First Out): An inventory valuation method where the first items placed in inventory are the first ones sold or used.

Front Office: The part of a business that deals directly with customers, including sales, marketing, and customer service.

Fair Value Gap : Fair value gaps, in trading, refer to areas on a price chart where there is a significant difference between the bid and ask prices, indicating a disparity between buyers and sellers, often highlighted by rapid price movements and low trading volume.

FOREX : FOREX, or foreign exchange market, is a global decentralized market where currencies are traded and exchanged.

Financial News : Financial news refers to the reporting and analysis of information related to financial markets, economic trends, company performances, and investment opportunities, aimed at informing and guiding investors and stakeholders.

Federal Reserve (FED) : It is the central bank of the United States, responsible for managing monetary policy, regulating banks, maintaining financial stability, and providing financial services.

Family Office: A family office is a private advisory firm that manages investments, wealth, and other financial affairs for high-net-worth families, often providing a range of services including estate planning, tax management, and philanthropic guidance.

FTSE: FTSE, or Financial Times Stock Exchange, refers to a group of stock market indices that measure the performance of companies listed on the London Stock Exchange.

Fintech: Fintech, or financial technology, encompasses innovative technologies and solutions that enhance or automate financial services and processes.

Fiat Money: Fiat money is a type of currency that is issued by a government and not backed by a physical commodity, but rather by the trust and authority of the issuing government.

Finance: Finance is the management of money and other assets, involving processes such as investing, borrowing, lending, budgeting, saving, and forecasting.Financial Astrology: Financial astrology is the practice of using astrological patterns and celestial events to predict financial market movements and investment opportunities.

G

Gross Domestic Product (GDP): The total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year.

Gross Profit: The difference between revenue and the cost of producing goods or services.

Growth Stock: Shares in a company that is anticipated to grow at an above-average rate compared to other companies.

Gross Margin: The difference between revenue and cost of goods sold divided by revenue.

Growth Rate: The rate at which a company's earnings are expected to grow.

Gross Profit Margin: The difference between sales and the cost of goods sold, divided by revenue.

GDP: GDP, or Gross Domestic Product, measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders over a specific period, indicating economic health.

H

Hedge: An investment to reduce the risk of adverse price movements in an asset.

Hedge Fund: A private investment fund that engages in a range of complex strategies to earn active returns.

Holding Period: The time during which an investor holds a particular investment.

HFT (High Frequency Trading): A type of algorithmic trading characterized by high speeds, high turnover rates, and high order-to-trade ratios.

Hidden Layer: A hidden layer in programming, specifically in neural networks, is a layer of nodes situated between the input and output layers, where data undergoes transformation through weighted connections and activation functions to detect patterns and learn features.

I

Index Fund: A type of mutual fund with a portfolio constructed to match or track the components of a market index.

Inflation: The rate at which the general level of prices for goods and services is rising.

Initial Public Offering (IPO): The first time that the stock of a private company is offered to the public.

Interest Rate: The amount charged by a lender to a borrower for the use of assets.

Interest Coverage Ratio: A measure of a company's ability to meet its interest payments.

Intrinsic Value: The actual value of a company or an asset based on an underlying perception of its true value including all aspects of the business.

Inventory Turnover: The number of times that inventory is sold and replaced over a period.

IPDA : In finance, IPDA stands for Interbank Price Delivery Algorithm, which is a sophisticated algorithm used in Forex trading to determine currency prices based on factors like supply and demand, market sentiment, and macroeconomic conditions.

Investment: An investment is the allocation of money or resources to an asset or venture with the expectation of generating income or profit over time.

J

Joint Venture: A business arrangement in which two or more parties agree to pool their resources for the purpose of accomplishing a specific task.

Junk Bond: A high-yield, high-risk security, typically issued by a company seeking to raise capital quickly.

K

KYC (Know Your Customer): The process of a business verifying the identity of its clients and assessing potential risks of illegal intentions for the business relationship.

KPI: KPI, or Key Performance Indicator, is a measurable value that indicates how effectively an organization is achieving its key business objectives.

L

Leverage: The use of various financial instruments or borrowed capital to increase the potential return of an investment.

Liquidity: The availability of liquid assets to a market or company.

Long-Term Debt: Loans and financial obligations lasting over one year.

Loss Carryforward: An accounting technique that applies the current year's net operating losses to future years' profits to reduce tax liability.

Leveraged Buyout (LBO): The acquisition of another company using a significant amount of borrowed money.

Limit Order: A limit order is a type of trading order that specifies the maximum price at which a buyer is willing to purchase a security or the minimum price at which a seller is willing to sell, ensuring the order is executed only at the specified price or better.

Liability: A liability is a financial obligation or debt that a company or individual is required to pay in the future, often arising from borrowing or other transactions.

Limited Company: A limited company is a type of business structure where the company is a separate legal entity from its owners, offering limited liability protection to its shareholders.

LSE: LSE, or London Stock Exchange, is one of the largest and oldest stock exchanges in the world, where securities such as stocks and bonds are traded.

M

Margin: Borrowed money that is used to purchase securities.

Market Capitalization: The total market value of a company's outstanding shares of stock.

Mutual Fund: An investment vehicle that pools money from many investors to purchase securities.Market Maker: A broker-dealer firm that assumes the risk of holding a certain number of shares of a particular security in order to facilitate the trading of that security.

Monetary Policy: The macroeconomic policy laid down by the central bank involving management of money supply and interest rate.

Money Market: A segment of the financial market in which financial instruments with high liquidity and short maturities are traded.

MSI (Market Sentiment Indicator): A measure of the overall attitude of investors towards a particular security or financial market.

MQL5 (Metaquotes Language Version 5): A programming language designed for developing trading robots and technical indicators for the MetaTrader 5 platform.

Middle Office: The part of a business that manages risk, compliance, and strategic management, ensuring that front office activities are done within legal and regulatory frameworks.

Markowitz Theory : Also known as Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), it is a framework for constructing an investment portfolio that aims to maximize return for a given level of risk by diversifying assets.

Market Order : A market order is a trading directive to buy or sell a security immediately at the current best available price.

Monte Carlo Simulation: it is a statistical technique that uses random sampling and repeated computations to model the probability of different outcomes in a process that cannot be easily predicted due to the presence of random variables.

Machine Learning: Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence that involves algorithms and statistical models enabling computers to improve performance on tasks by learning from data.

Mindset: A mindset is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and ways of thinking that influence how an individual perceives and responds to various situations.

Market Behavior: Market behavior refers to the actions and reactions of participants in a market, influenced by economic, psychological, and sociopolitical factors.

Momentum: Momentum is the tendency of an asset's price to continue moving in its current direction, driven by investor sentiment and market trends.

Market Cycles: Market cycles are the recurring phases of growth and decline in the financial markets, typically characterized by periods of expansion, peak, contraction, and trough.

Mean Reversion: Mean reversion is the financial theory that asset prices and historical returns eventually revert to their long-term mean or average level.

Monitoring: Monitoring is the systematic process of tracking and evaluating the performance or compliance of systems, processes, or activities over time.

Martingale: Martingale is a betting strategy that involves doubling the stake after each loss, with the aim of recovering previous losses and making a profit.

Macroeconomy: The branch of economics that focuses on the overall performance, structure, and behavior of a national or regional economy.

Microeconomy: The field of economics that studies individual consumers, firms, and markets and their decision-making processes.

Matching Engine: A matching engine is a software component of financial markets that matches buy and sell orders for securities, ensuring efficient and orderly trading.

N

NASDAQ: A global electronic marketplace for buying and selling securities, as well as the benchmark index for U.S. technology stocks.

Net Asset Value (NAV): The value per share of a mutual fund or an exchange-traded fund (ETF) on a specific date or time.

Net Income: The amount of profit remaining after all expenses and taxes have been subtracted from total revenue.

Non-Performing Loan (NPL): A loan in which the borrower is in default and hasn't made any scheduled payments of principal or interest for some time.Network Marketing : Business model that relies on a network of distributors to grow the business, often involving multi-level marketing (MLM) where participants earn commissions on their sales and the sales of their recruits.

Nikkei : The Nikkei 225, is a stock market index for the Tokyo Stock Exchange, representing the 225 largest publicly traded companies in Japan.

Net Worth: Net worth is the value of an individual’s or entity’s assets minus their liabilities, representing their total wealth.

Netting: Netting is a financial process that involves offsetting the value of multiple positions or payments due to be exchanged between parties to reduce the total number of transactions and minimize risk.

Neural Networks: Neural networks are computational models inspired by the human brain, consisting of interconnected nodes or neurons that process information and learn patterns through weighted connections.

O

Option: A financial derivative that represents a contract sold by one party to another party.

Over-the-Counter (OTC): Trading that is done directly between two parties, without the supervision of an exchange.

Operating Expense: Expenses incurred during the regular operation of a business.

Overhead: The ongoing administrative expenses of a business which cannot be attributed to any specific business activity but are necessary for the business to function.

Order Book : An order book is an electronic list of buy and sell orders for a specific security or financial instrument, organized by price levels and displayed in real-time, used to show the market's depth and liquidity.

P

Portfolio: A range of investments held by a person or organization.

Price-to-Earnings (P/E) Ratio: A measure of the share price relative to the annual net income earned by the firm per share.

Principal: The original sum of money borrowed in a loan or put into an investment.

Par Value: The face value of a bond.

Preferred Stock: A class of ownership in a corporation that has a higher claim on its assets and earnings than common stock.

Price-to-Book Ratio (P/B Ratio): A ratio used to compare a stock's market value to its book value.

Profit Margin: The amount by which revenue from sales exceeds costs in a business.

Prospectus: A formal legal document required by and filed with the SEC that provides details about an investment offering for sale to the public.

Prop Firms : While some proprietary trading firms (prop firms) operate legitimately, others can be scams, luring traders with promises of capital and profits, but often imposing unrealistic trading conditions, hidden fees, and denying withdrawals.

Put Option : A put option is a financial contract that gives the holder the right, but not the obligation, to sell a specified amount of an underlying asset at a predetermined price within a specified time period.

Pending Order: A pending order is a trading order that has been placed but not yet executed, set to activate at a specified price level in the future.

Perfect Competition: Perfect competition is a market structure where numerous small firms sell identical products, with no single firm able to influence the market price, and where all market participants have full knowledge of prices and production techniques.

Probability: Probability is the measure of the likelihood that a particular event will occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.

Programming: Programming is the process of creating and implementing instructions for computers to perform specific tasks, using languages such as Python, Java, and C++.

Q

Quantitative Easing (QE): An unconventional monetary policy in which a central bank purchases government securities or other securities from the market.

Quick Ratio: A measure of a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations with its most liquid assets.

R

Return on Investment (ROI): A measure used to evaluate the efficiency of an investment.

Risk: The chance that an investment's actual return will be different than expected.

Risk Profile: A risk profile is an evaluation of an individual's or organization's willingness and ability to take risks, often used to guide investment decisions.

Rate of Return: The net gain or loss of an investment over a specified period, expressed as a percentage of the investment's initial cost.

Revenue Bond: A municipal bond supported by the revenue from a specific project, such as a toll bridge, highway, or local stadium.

Risk-Free Rate: The theoretical rate of return of an investment with zero risk.

Risk Reward Ratio (RRR): A metric used by traders to compare the potential profit of a trade to its potential loss.

Resistance Zone : In technical analysis, resistance zones are price levels on a chart where a security tends to encounter selling pressure, preventing the price from rising further.

Reuters: An international news organization known for delivering global news coverage and financial market data.

S

Shareholder: An individual or institution that owns shares in a company.

Stock Market: The stock market is a public marketplace where shares of publicly held companies are bought, sold, and traded.

Short Selling: The sale of a security that is not owned by the seller, or that the seller has borrowed.

Secondary Market: The financial market in which previously issued financial instruments such as stock, bonds, options, and futures are bought and sold.

Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC): An independent federal government agency responsible for protecting investors, maintaining fair and orderly functioning of securities markets, and facilitating capital formation.

Shareholder Equity: The owner's claim after subtracting total liabilities from total assets.

Short-Term Debt: A company's short-term financial obligations that are due within one year or within a normal operating cycle.

Sovereign Wealth Fund: A state-owned investment fund or entity that is commonly established from balance of payments surpluses, official foreign currency operations, the proceeds of privatizations, government transfer payments, fiscal surpluses, and/or receipts resulting from resource exports.

Stock Split: An issue of new shares in a company to existing shareholders in proportion to their current holdings.

Swing Trading: A style of trading that attempts to capture short- to medium-term gains in a stock (or any financial instrument) over a period of a few days to several weeks.

Simple Moving Average (SMA): A calculation that takes the arithmetic mean of a given set of prices over a specific number of days in the past.

Stop Loss (SL): An order placed to sell a security when it reaches a certain price to limit an investor's loss.

Structured Query Language (SQL): A standard programming language for managing and manipulating databases.

Spread: The difference between the bid and ask price.

Support Zone : In technical analysis, support zones are price levels on a chart where a security tends to find buying interest, preventing the price from falling further.

Supply : In economics, supply refers to the total amount of a specific good or service that is available to consumers at various price levels in a given period.

SP 500 Index : The S&P 500 is a stock market index that measures the performance of 500 large companies listed on stock exchanges in the United States, representing a broad spectrum of the American economy.

Stop Order: A trading order that triggers a market order to buy or sell a security once its price reaches a specified level, aimed at limiting losses or securing profits.

Statistic: A statistic is a numerical value that represents a piece of data or a summary of data, often used to describe or analyze a population or sample.

Subprime Crisis: The subprime crisis was a financial meltdown that occurred in the mid-2000s, triggered by a high rate of defaults on subprime mortgages, leading to widespread economic turmoil.

T

Trading : Trading is the act of buying and selling financial instruments, such as stocks, bonds, or commodities, with the aim of making a profit.

Treasury Bond: A marketable, fixed-interest U.S. government debt security with a maturity of more than 10 years.

Tax Bracket: A range of incomes taxed at a given rate.

Tax Lien: A claim the government places on a property to secure payment of a tax debt.

Ticker Symbol: A unique series of letters assigned to a security or stock for trading purposes.

Take Profit (TP): An order to sell a security when it reaches a certain price to secure profits.

Trailing StopLoss (TS): A stop order set at a percentage level below the market price to protect gains by enabling a trade to remain open and continue to profit as long as the price moves in the trader's favor.

Tick Value : In financial markets, a tick refers to the minimum upward or downward movement in the price of a security.

Trendlines : In technical analysis, trendlines are straight lines drawn on a price chart to connect points of a stock's highs or lows, used to identify and predict the direction of market trends.Technical Analysis : Technical analysis is a method of evaluating securities by analyzing statistical trends from trading activity, such as price movements and trading volume, to forecast future price movements.

Trading Journal: A trading journal is a record-keeping tool where traders document their trades, strategies, and outcomes to analyze performance and improve decision-making.

U

Underwriting: The process by which an underwriter evaluates and assumes another party's risk for a fee.

Unrealized Gain: A profit that exists on paper, resulting from an investment that has not yet been sold for cash.

Underlying Asset: An underlying asset is the financial instrument on which a derivative's price is based, such as a stock, bond, commodity, or currency.

V

Volatility: The degree of variation of a trading price.

Value Stock: A stock that tends to trade at a lower price relative to its fundamentals, such as dividends, earnings, and sales.

Value at Risk (VaR): A measure of the risk of loss for investments.

VPS : A VPS, or Virtual Private Server, is a virtualized server that mimics a dedicated server environment within a shared server, offering users dedicated resources, greater control, and improved performance compared to shared hosting.

Value Chain: A value chain is the series of activities that a company performs to create, deliver, and support its products or services, each adding value at different stages from production to customer delivery.

Volumes: Volumes in trading refer to the total number of shares or contracts traded for a particular security or market within a specified time period.

W

Warrant: A derivative that confers the right, but not the obligation, to buy or sell a security — most commonly an equity — at a certain price before expiration.

Wash Sale: A transaction where an investor sells a security at a loss, then repurchases it within 30 days before or after the sale.

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC): A calculation of a firm's cost of capital in which each category of capital is proportionately weighted.

Working Capital: The difference between a company's current assets and current liabilities.

World Bank: An international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of poorer countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.

Wealth Management: Wealth management is a comprehensive service combining financial planning, investment management, and other financial services to help individuals grow, protect, and transfer their wealth.

White Paper: A white paper is an authoritative report that provides detailed information, analysis, and recommendations on a specific issue, aimed at helping readers understand and make decisions about complex topics.

X

X-Efficiency: The degree of efficiency maintained by firms under conditions of imperfect competition.

Y

Yield: The income return on an investment, typically expressed as a percentage.

Yield Curve: A graph that plots interest rates of bonds having equal credit quality but differing maturity dates.

Year-to-Date (YTD): A period, starting from the beginning of the current year, used for analyzing business trends or performance.

Z

Zero-Coupon Bond: A bond that is issued at a deep discount to its face value but pays no interest.

Z Score: A Z score is a statistical measure that quantifies the distance of a data point from the mean of a data set, expressed in terms of standard deviations.

CURRENCIES

MAJOR CURRENCIES

¥: The Japanese yen is the official currency of Japan, symbolized by ¥, and is one of the most traded currencies in the world.

£: The British pound, symbolized as £, is the official currency of the United Kingdom and is one of the oldest currencies still in use today.

: The euro is the official currency of the Eurozone, symbolized as €, and is used by 20 of the 27 European Union member countries.

USD: The US dollar, symbolized as USD or $, is the official currency of the United States and is the world's primary reserve currency.

AUD: The Australian dollar, symbolized as AUD or $, is the official currency of Australia and is commonly referred to as the "Aussie."

NZD: The New Zealand dollar, symbolized as NZD or $, is the official currency of New Zealand and is commonly known as the "Kiwi" due to the kiwi bird depicted on the one-dollar coin.

CHF: The Swiss franc, symbolized as CHF, is the official currency of Switzerland and Liechtenstein, known for its stability and strength in international finance.

MAJOR CRYPTOCURRENCIES

Bitcoin (BTC): The first and most well-known cryptocurrency, operating on a decentralized peer-to-peer network using blockchain technology.

Ethereum (ETH): A decentralized platform that enables smart contracts and decentralized applications to run without any downtime, fraud, or interference.

Tether (USDT): A stablecoin that is pegged to the US dollar, aiming to maintain a consistent value.

USD Coin (USDC): Another stablecoin backed by US dollars, providing a digital currency with a stable value.

Binance Coin (BNB): The native cryptocurrency of the Binance exchange, used for trading fee discounts and other services on the platform.

Ripple (XRP): A digital payment protocol designed for fast and low-cost international money transfers.

Cardano (ADA): A blockchain platform focused on scalability, interoperability, and sustainability, aiming to provide a more balanced and sustainable ecosystem for cryptocurrencies.

Solana (SOL): A high-performance blockchain platform designed for decentralized applications and crypto-currencies.

Dogecoin (DOGE): Initially created as a joke, this cryptocurrency has gained popularity and is used for tipping and charitable donations.

TRON (TRX): A blockchain-based decentralized operating system that enables the global digital content entertainment industry.